In IPv4 an address consists of 32 bits which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232) possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).
IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dot-decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octet) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binaryrepresentations.
| Class | Leading bits in address (binary) | Range of first octet (decimal) | Network ID format | Host ID format | Number of networks | Number of addresses per network |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 0 | 0–127 | a | b.c.d | 27 = 128 | 224 = 16777216 |
| B | 10 | 128–191 | a.b | c.d | 214 = 16384 | 216 = 65536 |
| C | 110 | 192–223 | a.b.c | d | 221 = 2097152 | 28 = 256 |
IANA : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
> Brtggjwb bg penyelarasan global internet protokol
| Start | End | No. of addresses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24-bit block (/8 prefix, 1 × A) | 10.0.0.0 | 10.255.255.255 | 16777216 |
| 20-bit block (/12 prefix, 16 × B) | 172.16.0.0 | 172.31.255.255 | 1048576 |
| 16-bit block (/16 prefix, 256 × C) | 192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 | 65536 |
MAC ADDRESS
- Media Access Control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment. MAC addresses are used for numerous network technologies and most IEEE 802 network technologies, including Ethernet. Logically, MAC addresses are used in the Media Access Control protocol sub-layer of the OSI reference model.
- MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of a network interface card (NIC) and are stored in its hardware, the card's read-only memory, or some other firmware mechanism. If assigned by the manufacturer, a MAC address usually encodes the manufacturer's registered identification number and may be referred to as the burned-in address. It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address (EHA), hardware address or physical address. A network node may have multiple NICs and will then have one unique MAC address per NIC.
- MAC addresses are formed according to the rules of one of three numbering name spaces managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): MAC-48, EUI-48, and EUI-64. The IEEE claims trademarks on the names EUI-48 and EUI-64, in which EUI is an abbreviation for Extended Unique Identifier.
The following technologies use the MAC-48 identifier format:
- Ethernet
- 802.11 wireless networks
- Bluetooth
- IEEE 802.5 token ring
- most other IEEE 802 networks
- FDDI
- ATM (switched virtual connections only, as part of an NSAP address)
- Fibre Channel and Serial Attached SCSI (as part of a World Wide Name)
- The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 gigabit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables). The G.hn Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer accepts Ethernet frames that use the MAC-48 format and encapsulates them into G.hn Medium Access Control Service Data Units (MSDUs).
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